WRITERS NEVER DIE

Anyone who read Aminata by Francis Imbuga and did not get charmed by the character of Aminata, a young and brilliant lawyer should re-read the book. It was my sister's setbook in high school and I can't remember how many times I told her that she should have scored a straight A in English because they had a wonderful setbook. Of course that was before I fell in love with my own setbooks and decided that there can never be better setbooks than what we had...

Aminata is set in a traditional Kenyan society. The society is heavily defined by customs and traditions and that is what in fact sets the major conflict in the book. Aminata, the lead character has been given a piece of soil as inheritance by her father and people of her village have a problem with this. Women should not be given land! Mmm... their argument is that, women get married and join their husbands and therefore being allocated land in their own parents inheritance meant double potion which was not fair.

Of course I totally disagree with this archaic way of looking at things. To begin with, there are women who don't exactly believe that marriage is their ultimate goal in life; so where do we leave them? Anyway, Aminata was a different kettle of fish. She was (well) married; she would have been content to abandon the fight for her father's land but the desire she had to honor her father's memory could not just allow her to do this and sleep comfortably. The book ends nostalgically... There are other sub-plots in the play which make it a more interesting read... grab a copy.

I have read other books by the same author(Francis Imbuga); Betrayal in the City, Man of Kafira and Miracle of Remera and I loved all of them.

Prof. Francis Imbuga is no more, sadly. But writers don't die... May the words you(Francis Imbuga) wrote continue being an inspiration to all who read them.

CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITION; CAN THERE BE A POINT OF CONTACT?

As far back as I can remember, the theme of religion in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's The River Between was very special to my English teacher. But he seemed to always have something against the white man's religion; just like Ngugi I should say. But hey, Ngugi is a good writer and I take a bow. But I will do the praise-singing later. So what was I saying? Mr. Indoshi, our English teacher seemed to have a personal conflict with Joshua, the symbol of Christianity in the book. Let me see if I remember what he taught us about the conflict between 'converts and conservatives' in the book.

Religion in The River Between has been  cast in two ways; there is the traditional worship of Murungu on Mt. Kerinyaga and the worship of the white man's God who had a son called Jesus who died in order to give life.

Religion in the book touches on virtually everything that goes on in the novel; it is to say the least the source of the major conflict in the book. The traditional worship has been portrayed as the best religion, a religion that connects people to their humanity and purpose, a religion that gives life to people. On the other side, Christianity has been portrayed as a negative religion, a religion of deprivation, a religion that denies one life, a religion through which people lose themselves in order to have it...

Joshua stands for Makuyu, one of the ridges that also claim the identity of Christ a people who are destined for the new Jerusalem. And in accepting Christianity, Joshua denounces everything traditional because the white man says it is pagan worship. So Joshua embraces the white man's religion as the white man puts it not as the bible says and this becomes his major weakness. Joshua tags his entire family into his new belief and since he controls his family with an iron hand, no one dares complain loudly. But one of his daughters, Muthoni does the unimaginable.

Although we do not interact with Muthoni a lot at the beginning, the very first time we meet her in the book we get the idea that she is the kind of person who will stand anywhere to defend what she believes in; on a cactus or on a velvety surface. It is easy to empathize with her. Muthoni's heart beats for the land, the ridges and the traditions of the people. Hers is not a solid rebellion against the white man's God but a plea to be understood first as a human being before any other things are imposed on her including the new religion. She believes that for religion to exist, she must first have life. Muthoni seems to know fully well that religion in and for itself is nothing. She says that she is a Christian and she has no intention of abandoning the faith. But she knows too well that her life is inseparably bound to the tribe and that Christianity cannot be meaningful to her if it attempts to meet her outside her tribe.

On the day she plans to escape and go to her auntie's place in Kameno in order to get circumcised she tells her sister Nyambura;

Why! are we fools?... Father and mother are circumcised. Are they not Christians? Circumcision did not prevent them from being Christians. I too have embraced the white man's faith. However, I know it is beautiful, oh so beautiful to be initiated into womanhood. You learn the ways of the tribe. Yes, the white man's God doesn't quite satisfy me. I want, I need something more. My life and your life are here, in the hills, that you and I know.  page 25

In this circle, there is Waiyaki as well. Waiyaki is the protagonist in the novel. There is a tale about an ancient prophecy that declared Waiyaki the leader of his people. Waiyaki is as a result expected to maintain the sanctity of the tribe and this includes not violating the ancient ways with anything; not even the white man's religion... But there is a problem; Waiyaki is so attached to the daughters of Joshua, a convert! So is there hope for his 'throne'? Will he succeed in leading his people or will he join the list of rejected 'messiahs'?

But we can also tell through his character that Waiyaki is troubled. He believes there are good to be picked from either side and there is also bad that has to be rejected from both sides. Here, the challenges of reconciliation begin to hit him.  His thoughts are streamed as follows;

But the religion, the faith needed washing, cleansing away all the dirt and leaving only the eternal. And that eternal that was the truth had to be reconciled to the traditions of the people. A people's traditions couldn't be swept away overnight. That way, lay disintegration. Such a tribe would have  no roots for a people's roots were in their traditions, going back to the past, the very beginning, Gikuyu and Mumbi. A religion that did not recognize spots of beauty and truths in their way of life was useless. It would not satisfy. It would not be a living experience, a source of life and vitality. It would only maim a man's soul, making him cling to whatever promised security, otherwise he would be lost. Perhaps that was what was wrong with Joshua.

Waiyaki like Muthoni believes that his life is dependent on the tribe; there is nothing wrong with a religion except when it denies a person the very essence of being who they are, what they are. Muthoni eventually runs away from home to go to Kameno and be circumcised because she believes in it. But Joshua thinks it is the most unforgivable sin and she ceases to exist in his mind from that day henceforth.

From that day, Muthoni ceased to exist for him, in his heart. She had brought an everlasting disgrace to him and his house which he had meant to be an example of what a Christian home should grow into.
Alright, let her go back to Egypt. Yes. Let her go back. He, Joshua, would travel on, on to the new Jerusalem.  page 35
 Joshua's religion as depicted in the book is slightly unrealistic. The white man says it is wrong to marry many wives yet he himself has a lot of women in Siriana who are said to be his wives. And even then, Joshua can recall some old testament people who used to walk with God and angels and yet they had more than one wife. Joshua as a man, as an individual doesn't seem to have fully understood what his new religion is about nor what he stands to gain except the elusive promise of going to heaven.

It is this lack of a grounding that disintegrates Joshua's family. After the death of Muthoni, Nyambura discovers that she too is in love with the forbidden_ Waiyaki. The love feeling is so intense and totally beyond her and for the first time, she contemplates disobeying her father.

Day by day she was becoming weary of Joshua's religion. Was she too becoming a rebel? No, she wouldn't do as her sister had done. She knew however, that she had to have a God who would give her a fulness of life, a God who would still a restless soul, so she clung to Christ because he had died on the tree, love for all people blazing out of his sad eyes.

Joshua's religion is not bad in itself; but there is something that makes it fail to speak to the people; to satisfy them fully and keep them from going back and forth in search of something to appease themselves.

 (All quoted texts are from The River Between) 
 So I actually remember something after all these years? I wasn't as daft as my maths teacher used to suggest after all. But really, the contact point between a people's ancient beliefs and Christianity have always been a source of discomfort. But the book itself is an interesting read. It has twists and turns that will rivet you; the anxiety it creates is almost touchable... Grab your copy now!

A BRIEF REVIEW OF PURPLE HIBISCUS BY CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE

CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE
     
I have been toying with the idea of reviewing purple hibiscus, for a very long time now. I did not actually intend to review it now but I feel compelled to do so because of a certain research paper I came across while browsing the net a few weeks ago. According to that analysis, Chimamanda, the author of the book was described as a radical feminist. The paper said that, most of what the author does to salvage the womenfolk in her fiction is radical. It is not that I want to nullify that observation but rather I want to try and see if I can get a common ground for both the perspectives. A common ground for us.
A summary of the novel.
 The novel is told through the eyes of 15 year old Kambili. It is through her eyes that we see the events which she both observes and judges. Kambili has an older brother called Jaja and he is 17years old. This two children belong to an affluent family with their father, Eugene being a wealthy business man and a fanatical or perhaps staunch catholic convert.
As the novel develops, we get to learn about the private life of these characters and their attitude towards their father whom they constantly call 'papa'. Through their mother Beatrice, we understand that Eugene is brutal and excessively domineering. It comes as a surprise to learn of him mistreating his wife; something that earns her several miscarriages. For most of the development of the novel, Beatrice is a resilient and obedient character. At school, Jaja and Kambili are expected to be the best.
Events in the novel begin to take a different turn when Jaja, Kambili together with their parents travel to Abba one December holiday to celebrate Christmas. There, they meet aunty Ifeoma together with their cousins, Amaka, Obiora and Chima. Aunty Ifeoma, a strong-willed women breaks most of the irrelevant rules his brother Eugene has imposed on his children and it is through this that the two (Jaja and Kambili) begin to see the world with new eyes. When the two eventually visit aunty Ifeoma's house in Nsukka, they discover that their is more to living than affluence. They discover who they really are and even Kambili says that, her laughter sounded strange to her ears.
Eugene is poisoned towards the end of the novel by his wife Beatrice who had suffered for long. Jaja surrenders to the police claiming that he is the one who killed his father.
The novel ends three years later. Jaja who is about to be released from prison is twenty years old and much tougher than he was. Kambili, now a young woman of 18 is the constant companion of her seemingly insane mother. They go to see Jaja in prison together on some occasions.The novel ends with a rare optimism. Kambili knows his brother is going to be released from prison and she  already has plans for him.
"Above, clouds like dyed cotton wool hang low, so low I feel I can reach out and squeeze the moisture out of them. The new rains will come down soon." pg 307.

The feminist aspects in the novel.
  I do not dispute the fact that a closer reading of the book will reveal very many feminist ideologies. But first, I wish to make something clear; there is a big difference between using the female voice to pass a message or write a story and the feminist writing. Using a female voice to narrate a certain story or getting it from the female perspective does not necessarily represent the authors affiliations. Just the same way using the voice of a convicted bank robber does not make you one. In regards to feminist writing, I would like to state categorically that, feminist writing is not negative writing and can never be negative writing. What people in the new age should appreciate is the fact that, the literary world had for a long time been 'littered' with men and we became accustomed to their stands. That is why for instance, when we read Ngugi's story about a man smiling widely during his traditional marriage to his third wife we see no problem, it's almost what we expected. But there appears to be an issue when Chimamanda or Petina do the same story highlighting how a woman feels about being a second or third wife and such things. I sometimes imagine that there is nothing as feminism in the literary world, it is simply getting the two sides of a coin we are used to seeing only one side.

Well, back to Chimamanda's Purple Hibiscus. One of the reasons why various reviewers insist that the writer is a radical feminist is the means through which Beatrice liberates herself(poisoning her husband). But in Beatrice's shoes what would anyone do? If you read the story closely, you will discover that no one was going to listen to Beatrice's story and she would thus suffer to her grave. Well, I am not trying to justify her actions. But before labeling the writer a radical feminist, there is something I want to bring to attention. In as much as Chimamanda creates the worst possible father figure, we have to realise that, apart from him, most of the other male figures in the book are positive characters; and it is these characters that Chimamanda used to make us see the ills of Eugene.
What Purple Hibiscus illustrates is the fact that, men can correct the ills of their fellow men. And at this point, I would like to officially point out that, Chimamanda is a pioneer reformist feminist in the writers' scene. Other perfect male characters in the book illustrate the fact that the author was not biased in her presentation of characters.

ONE LOVE, Chimamanda! Purple Hibiscus is one unique book, very rare to find. Keep writing sweetness.
ps. My love for Chimamanda has nothing to do with my view of the book.